: 2 The city's name appears on maps from as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of India. Moraes, however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru. During British rule from 1799, the anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation. Hence it was also known by the name Manjalūr in Arabic. Mangalore was an important centre of Indian Ocean trade on Malabar coast in earlier times. in Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city). Before that, during the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura ( Mangala means 'auspicious'). Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule. The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom. One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram. When she died, the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar was consecrated in her honour by the local people. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition. Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. In 2017, Mangalore was ranked the 48th best city to live in the world by a US survey, and the only Indian city in the top 50. Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. The city has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. Mangalore is also included in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. India's first 3D planetarium with 8K resolution display is situated in this city. The city's landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers and hard laterite soil. Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration, which manages the 60 wards of the city. This city's International Airport is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka. Mangalore is also the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, and is a commercial, industrial, educational, healthcare and startup hub. Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city developed as a port in the Arabian Sea during ancient times it has since developed into a major port of India that handles 75 per cent of India's coffee and cashew exports, and is the country's seventh largest container port. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the 2011 national census of India. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport-air, road, rail and sea. It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore, the state capital, 20 km north of Karnataka– Kerala border, 297 km south of Goa. Mangalore ( / m æ ŋ ɡ ə ˈ l ɔː r/), officially known as Mangaluru, is a major port city of the Indian state of Karnataka.
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